Freshwater aficionados will recall that
I pointed to differences between Freshwater's request to the Ohio Supreme Court to hear his case (his Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction--MiS) and the subsequent Merit Brief (MB) in which he actually argued his case. The Court accepted his appeal on the basis of two Propositions of Law (I and II) described in the MiS, but in the actual argument of the Merit Brief those two Propositions changed into two quite different propositions. Now the Mt. Vernon Board of Education has
filed a motion to strike the two Propositions--in effect, to strike the whole basis for the acceptance Freshwater's appeal--because of that bait and switch.
More below the fold.
In
my earlier post I wrote
The first thing I note is that the wording of the two Propositions on the basis of which the Ohio Supreme Court accepted the appeal (I and II) differ in the request for acceptance of the appeal (the Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction-MiS) and the Merit Brief (MB). I don't know what standard practice is in this sort of case, but I present the two versions side-by-side so commenters more expert in the law than I am can weigh in:
The Board's motion to strike the Merit Brief's versions of Freshwater's Propositions I and II, filed last Friday, says
Nowhere in either proposition of law accepted for review is there an argument that the Board terminated appellant's employment contract based on the "content or viewpoint" of his religious discussions with students and his use of supplemental religious materials in class. Likewise, neither proposition of law accepted for review contains an argument that Freshwater's termination was a form of "government censorship." Rather, the Proposition of Law I accepted for review contains an argument about whether the Board provided Freshwater with a "clear indication as to the kinds of materials or teaching methods which are unacceptable." The legal analysis required to resolve that issue is unrelated to the legal analysis required to determine whether the Board committed viewpoint or content discrimination and government censorship. Plus, none of the arguments in Appellant's Merit Brief even address the accepted issue of whether Appellant was provided a clear indication of which materials and teaching methods were inappropriate. Therefore, Appellant's Merit Brief Proposition of Law I is neither proper in form nor substance and was not accepted by this Court for review. Consequently, it must be struck.
The motion to strike says of Proposition II
Appellant's Merit Brief Proposition of Law II should be struck for the same reasons.
...
This proposition of law is nowhere to be found in Appellant's Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction. A comparison of this proposition with those accepted for review shows that Appellant's current arguments are a completely different approach to the appeal than that which was accepted for review. Nowhere in Appellant's Memorandum in Support of Jurisdiction does Freshwater indicate to this Court he wanted to argue that his religious "academic discussions" and religious "supplemental academic materials" were appropriate.
So the bait and switch is clearly laid out in the motion to strike.
It's also of interest that the motion to strike picked up my description of the evolution of Freshwater's claims regarding the teaching of creationism and intelligent design. As I have noted several times (see
here for an example), Freshwater claimed under oath in the administrative hearing that he did not teach creationism or intelligent design. But by the time we get to the Merit Brief filed with the Ohio Supreme Court, he claims that his teaching of creationism and intelligent design is appropriate. The motion to strike says
Freshwater has never made the argument that his teaching of intelligent design and creationism was acceptable as scientific theories. Indeed, Freshwater's argument in this regard has evolved over time. Freshwater adamantly denied teaching intelligent design and creationism during the administrative hearing. (Tr. 376, ln. 14 ("I do not teach intelligent design"); Tr. 377, ln. 9("I teach evolution. I do not teach ID or creationism"); see Bd. Exs. 19-20). Freshwater then claimed in his Complaint that he taught "about some commonly held beliefs of at least three of the world's major religions." (Compl. at 4 59). Then, at the Court of Appeals, Freshwater argued that he simply sought to "encourage his students to differentiate between facts and theories, and to identify and discuss instances where textbook statements were subject to intellectual and scientific debate." (Appellant's Appellate Br., at 9). He also claimed that he simply facilitated "classroom discussion concerning popular alternative theories to the Big Bang theory...." (Id. at v). Yet, in his Merit Brief, Freshwater argues that he did teach creationism and intelligent design since they are permitted concepts ("creation science"). (Appellant's Merit Br., at 16-18). Thus, Merit Brief Proposition of Law II asks this court to review an issue not raised by Appellant in the lower courts or administrative hearing.
It's nice to be noticed, even if implicitly. :)
It's clear that Freshwater's case has been turned into a vehicle for Hamilton to play out
his First Amendment fantasies and the Rutherford Institute to push its 'viewpoint discrimination' view of the Constitutional prohibition on teaching creationism in public schools. Freshwater himself is no longer visible in the case; he's just a pawn now.
I have no idea how the Court will rule on the motion to strike. Best case: The Court tosses the appeal, declining to hear it based on the bait and switch that Freshwater's lawyers pulled.
81 Comments
W. H. Heydt · 25 September 2012
I would argue that the *best* case would be for the Court to toss the case with scathing comments about frivolous suits, citations from USSC court cases in this area and incompetent or dishonest lawyering...and sanctions to go with for wasting judicial resources.
However, reality and the tendency of appeals courts to do the minimum necessary to "resolve" cases suggests that they may just toss it based on the Board's filing, simply as a way to get it off their plate with the least effort possible.
--W. H. Heydt
eric · 25 September 2012
No predictions here. They took it even though (IMO) the arguments for doing so were lousy, so will they now turn it back based on good argument? Who knows. The cynic in me says that the decision to take it shows they have an axe to grind, so no, but I don't put any confidence in that assessment.
Golfball · 25 September 2012
It does happen that courts will accept motions to reconsider/strike when the full facts are brought again to the argument. During one of my divorce hearings, I had filed a motion to dismiss (based on lack of personal jurisdiction over me), and while the court initially denied the motion, upon a (successful) motion to reconsider, the court dismissed the case.
We (my attorneys & I) are not sure why the initial motion to dismiss was denied.
Gary_Hurd · 25 September 2012
Bravo!
Someday this too shall pass. Sort of like a kiddney stone.
Robin · 25 September 2012
Congrats Richard! It's nice to have your assessments confirmed. I think you are right about the best case scenario, but as W. H. Heydt notes, I sure wish the court could slap Freshwater's lawyers for attempting to pull such a despicable act.
Nice timing btw - I was doing a search earlier to see if anything new had popped up in this case just out of curiosity. Thanks for the excellent summary.
diogeneslamp0 · 25 September 2012
So Richard, you're arguing that similarity-- between your PT posts and the legal motion to dismiss-- is proof of common descent?
You do know, don't you, that similarity is NEVER evidence of common descent?
(Sorry... couldn't resist.)
W. H. Heydt · 25 September 2012
DS · 25 September 2012
The case should be immediately dismissed with extreme prejudice. The lawyers who wrote the Merit Brief should be fined for contempt of court and the defendant should be jailed for contempt of court. If the court lets them get away with this, the entire thing will devolve into a fiasco of biblical proportions. But then again, who would have predicted anything else?
olorin618 · 25 September 2012
DS, good luck on the extreme prejudice. I think the CIA does that, not the courts.
Tenncrain · 25 September 2012
After the Kitzmiller vs Dover trial ended, Judge John Jones forwarded a recommendation of perjury charges against Dover Board members Bill Buckingham and Alan Bonsell for lying under oath. Unfortunately, nothing ever became of the recommendations. IANAL, but I understand it can be tough to get such charges to stick.
DS · 25 September 2012
Can you move to strike an entire Merit Brief on the grounds that it is unresponsive? Of course, once it was thrown out, the people who wrote it would just deny that it ever existed and try to submit another one that might or might not address the issues described in the Memorandum.
If the court had bothered to find out what went on in the first three years of this process, they would have known that this is the kind of crap that they were in for.
harold · 25 September 2012
calhoun · 25 September 2012
I'm curious. Yahoo had an article yesterday with a picture of Obama with Bill Nye,the science guy. The subject was Nye's concern over creationism's threat to science. Why do we hear so little in pop culture about threats to science from the political left? The book ,Higher Superstition" written the 1990s ,subtitle,"The academic left & it's quarrels with science" is an important book that documents leftist challenges to the sanctity of science.
The authors, Paul Gross & Norman Levitt suggest the lack of courage on the part of science's defenders(mostly in academe) for leftist perversion of science.PC retribution seems to the potential defenders' concern. Why do we hear so much about creationism,so little about other threats to science ???
Paul Burnett · 25 September 2012
Paul Burnett · 25 September 2012
Dave Luckett · 25 September 2012
calhoun's a drive-by, and almost certainly won't bother with the answers he gets. There is a reason for responding, though.
The short answer is that the work he refers to, "Higher Superstition" by Gross and Levitt, is an attack essentially on the extension of postmodernist ideas to other fields than literature, where some effect can be seen in the social sciences, if you include anthropology, sociology, educational theory and history as sciences. The authors provide many examples of (typically obscure and unspecific) charges of cultural bias against various social science ideas, and show that their forwarders often substitute for them other culturally biased ideas that are no better. From this, it is true, some of the more eccentric pomos launch vague but often vitriolic attacks on science as a "way of knowing".
The effect of this on the harder sciences has been negligible, however. Postmodernist criticism of "science" - as in physics, chemistry, biology or paleontology - as a western cultural construct has been confined to a few of the more excitable feminists and cultural contrarians, and is rejected as nonsense by most humanities scholars, including those who are as far left politically as the extreme pomos themselves. Marxists, for example, reject the entire farrago. Saying that this is a leftist assault on science is a gratuitous misrepresentation.
More to the point, this is an academic controversy waged in literary academia by the usual means - arcane learned papers and waspish correspondence in obscure journals. There is nothing here to compare with the headlong assault on biology directed from thousands of popular pulpits every week, or the well-funded fundamentalist ginger groups and lobbyists that work for them. Nothing exists here that remotely resembles the DI, or AiG, or Liberty University, or Pat Robertson's organisation. There is nothing in it that comes remotely close to the continued, and sometimes successful, attempts by creationists, almost invariably from the far right of politics, to cripple or subvert education in evidential science.
When the man in the street can be heard to say something like, "Yeah, this science stuff, it's all just a cultural construct, y'know," rather than "I hear the jury's still out on evolution", then I'll start to worry about it.
raven · 26 September 2012
Matt Bright · 26 September 2012
And, just to add my usual corrective when this comes up, ‘left wing postmodernist’ is pretty close to a contradiction in terms in any case. Not that postmodernists are right wing either: they merely consider any grand ideological narrative to carry the seeds of its own incoherence – as a result of which Marxists, who are quite committed to one of these narratives as a driving force of history, tend to put them very much in the counterrevolutionary camp.
mjcross42 · 26 September 2012
@Raven:
Not quite. Let's not lose sight of the (mostly) left-wing anti-vaxxers, pro-homeopath, hippy-dippy alternative medicine crowd. Overall, the "left" isn't anti-science, but they are still sometimes quite credulous. Not quite the full-scale attack we see from the creobots, but still...
John · 26 September 2012
John · 26 September 2012
John · 26 September 2012
Matt Bright · 26 September 2012
I have. He makes the same mistake. He, and others like him, can get back to me when he has proof that the action of the academics he cites have, or have even attempted to have, the sort of impact on science education that Freshwater's handlers are currently trying to achieve. Until then, he and Levitt are merely pointing out that in academia, as everywhere in life, silly people have been known to say silly things.
This is as important for those in your camp, John, as it is in mine. The fact that all socially progressive ideas have been lazily labelled as 'left wing' and therefore placed on the tiresome US politics magical thinking continuum, established in the 50s, of liberalism-socialism-communism-stalin-HITLERBADWRONG!!!! is, I think, a major source of the current schizophrenic agonies of the US right in that it's what's making them feel forced to espouse the silly, mean-spirited positions that are currently drowning out the sensible (if, from my POV arguable) ones and scaring away undecided voters in droves.
balloonguy · 26 September 2012
I would add sex education to biological evolution and global warming.
threeoutside · 26 September 2012
"controversy waged in literary academia by the usual means - arcane learned papers and waspish correspondence in obscure journals" - that's some of my very favorite reading!
I don't have anything to offer beyond what has been said; I'm commenting here because I visit this blog daily and I get SO much out of it, and I want to thank the blogger and his commenters for the great information and (sometimes) witty repartee. It's one of the many enjoyable ways I try to keep up with what's going on in my beloved field of biology.
raven · 26 September 2012
patrickmay.myopenid.com · 26 September 2012
Is there a known date when the court will address the motion to strike?
Tangentially, does anyone know the outcome of the Coppedge / JPL case yet?
bigdakine · 26 September 2012
Richard B. Hoppe · 26 September 2012
patrickmay.myopenid.com · 26 September 2012
SensuousCurmudgeon · 26 September 2012
patrickmay.myopenid.com · 26 September 2012
John · 26 September 2012
Vince · 26 September 2012
harold · 26 September 2012
John · 26 September 2012
It's not only yours truly who views the anti-vaccination movement as a major example of Leftist bias against science. Shawn Otto - who is a liberal Democrat - makes a compelling case in his "Fool Me Twice: Fighting the Assault on Science in America". That's not the only example he cites BTW.
Swimmy · 26 September 2012
@harold: I wouldn't say that "none" of that has to do with leftists.
For example, I've attended a small handful of environmental conferences. I think we can all agree that, if someone tells you she is an environmentalist, she is more likely to be a liberal. And, at these conferences, there tend to be other political agendas represented; for instance, at one in D.C., I saw a pro-union booth and John Perkins gave a speech. This was not a haven for right-wingers.
At the same convention, I estimate a full fifth of the booths were dedicated to alternative medicine, spiritual healing, and "natural" (read: false) remedies.
Likewise, if you go into a grocery store that caters more to the hippie crowd, you'll notice homeopathic medicines galore. It's hard to find real medicine in them.
The people tied up in the New Age movement are largely leftists. A good portion of the right wing in America rejects it as satanic. It's not a crowd where you'll normally find conservatives Christians. I'm sure you can find some mostly right-wing medical denialists, but you can also probably find some mostly left-wing pro lifers. We're talking about averages here, and on average, the homeopathic/new age/crystal healing/other woo movement is made up of people who consider themselves liberals.
Now, to answer Calhoun's question of why blogs always pick on the right when there are anti-science folk on the left:
It's because Republicans are worse, plain and simple. It is very easy to find a Republican congressman who thinks creationism should be taught in public schools and that global warming is a lie. It is relativey difficult to find a Democratic congressman who thinks that doctors should be forced to prescribe homeopathic pills. (In fact, I'd wager there aren't any, currently.) Though there is science denial on the left, it hasn't seemed to much threaten good public policy.
I'd be happy if you could prove me wrong, though the issue in question would need to have a clear-cut right answer, like the effectiveness of homeopathy does. This probably rules out a lot of criticism on stances in social sciences, where controlled experiments are harder. For what it's worth, I'm trained in economics, and I find politicians frequently saying outrageously incorrect things on that front. . . but I don't find this tendency confined to one party. And I think economics blogs do tend to criticize both parties, on average, so there doesn't seem to be a bias there.
GvlGeologist, FCD · 26 September 2012
Coming in late,...
The biggest difference between the (overwhelming) anti-science activity on the right and the (limited) anti-science activity on the left is that anti-science is enshrined in right wing ideology and even has a place in many Republican platforms, while it is to my knowledge entirely absent as a fundamental (if you'll pardon the pun) element of left wing ideology. Look to Rep and Dem leadership. How many supporters of anti-science (anti-evolution, anti-global warming) are there among Repub leadership? How many supporters of "left wing" anti-science (anti-vaxxers, homeopathy supporters) are present among Demo leadership?
MichaelJ · 27 September 2012
I think that we fail as we assume that we have a single continuum from extreme right to extreme left. I think that the current political right wing do have a bag of common beliefs and boot out anybody who doesn't follow most of the beliefs. However, to call everybody who is not in this group "the left" is ridiculous. Where do Atheist Libertarians, New Agers, Communists fit on this continuum?
SensuousCurmudgeon · 27 September 2012
Neither party is literally pro-science nor anti-science. Politicians will either support or oppose science when it suits their political and economic agendae. The space program, for example, wasn't begun and nurtured because either party loved science. Rather, it was a matter of national defense, and those weird pocket-protector guys seemed to be able to deliver the goods, so both parties supported them -- for a while.
There's no need to recount the anti-science positions taken by the family-values type of Republican, although it should be remembered that there are creationists in the other party too. But even assuming that all Republicans are creationists (they're not), remember that those same people probably do support additional funding for military research. So their position isn't "no science, not ever!" It's more like "science when it suits my purposes."
Also, we shouldn't overlook the fact that the other party, in its zeal for environmental purity, opposes not only energy from petroleum (which is understandable), but they also oppose any additional efforts toward increasing the production of nuclear energy. Where's the science there? And where's the pro-science attitude in reducing the funding and missions of NASA? Many trial lawyers and their legislative supporters are on the political left, and their personal injury cases often feature weird "science" theories about how injuries get caused.
Don't be misled by creationism alone. The parties are often flip-flopped on science issues. Why? Because it's not about science. It's always politics, and if science people unthinkingly support one party or the other, then we're just another voting block to be taken for granted.
John · 27 September 2012
fnxtr · 27 September 2012
I found it interesting reading a while back about the relative histories of your two political parties, and how they seem to have see-sawed between "liberal" and "conservative" views over the last couple of centuries.
John · 27 September 2012
John · 27 September 2012
John · 27 September 2012
Matt, this is a postscript to my prior comments on Paul Gross. I would have replied earlier were it not for the juvenile antics of a certain notorious New Atheist advocate who is a frequent PT poster.
NYU physicist Alan Sokal - who is not by any stretch of the imagination a Libertarian or Conservative - has had his own substantial issues with the radicalism of the New Left with regards to its deconstructionist philosophy. He is best known for submiting to the journal Social Text a spoof of deconstructionist philosophy which became known as the "Sokal Affair". I haven't looked at all the revelant literature, but Sokal has it posted here at his NYU website:
http://www.physics.nyu.edu/sokal/
He was condemned by many on the New Left for deliberating submitting what they viewed as "fraud".
I think I have heard of something similar occurring recently.
cwjolley · 27 September 2012
When my wife starts trying to get Taro card reading inserted in HS physics classes as a predictive method then I will grant equivalence between Left and Right on general anti-science grounds.
Until then, I'm sorry, it's false equivalence.
John · 27 September 2012
cwjolley · 27 September 2012
In other words, if I go through thousands of pages of obscure writings I can find vague examples of left wing anti-science writing and thought.
And if I poll any old cross section of Republican politicians at any level or several stand alone political activist groups (eg DI), right wing business groups, or candidates for school boards, school principals, and teachers I can come up with thousands of examples of direct anti-science activity from the right.
Well, man o man, that's equivalent.
https://www.google.com/accounts/o8/id?id=AItOawkqPIHF5zvWlUzSyYRWDkEN1Z0BiuSxKF0 · 27 September 2012
SensuousCurmudgeon · 27 September 2012
We seem to have wandered away from the Freshwater case, but the diversion is important. Y'all might be interested in this from Reason Magazine: Are Republicans or Democrats More Anti-Science?
cwjolley · 27 September 2012
Things like anti-nuke power and anti-animal testing vs anti evolution are exactly what makes it a false equivalence.
Anti-nuke power activists don't disagree with atomic theory and Anti-animal testing activists don't disagree with evolution. They argue with what you do with science, not what science is.
Even science should know the difference between being tripped over and being kicked.
harold · 27 September 2012
John · 27 September 2012
Hi harold, I don't want to get into a flame war, but may I suggest you read Alan Sokal's work, as well as Shawn Otto's? I posted the links to Sokal earlier in this thread.
SLC · 27 September 2012
Joel · 27 September 2012
"may I suggest you read Alan Sokal’s work"
You may, but I'm too busy to read all his works, or even all the links at the site you referred us to. Please link us to one good solid reference of 10 pages or less that encapsulates his major points. Or, alternatively, summarize the views of his that are relevant to this thread and serve to buttress the equivalency you've argued for here. Otherwise, your tired and repetitious assertions that we must read his work and that of Shawn Otto are unhelpful in advancing your case. Those of us who are trained and literate scientists understandably trust the evidence of our experience and reading, which teaches us that the equivalency you are attempting to draw between the anti-science of the right and the anti-science of the left is phony.
SLC · 27 September 2012
SLC · 27 September 2012
Carl Drews · 27 September 2012
I risk getting BWed by Richard here, but I heard something about Democrats and Republicans that this wandering thread might find interesting.
On November 28, 2011, I attended a talk in Boulder, Colorado, USA by Susan Hassol titled, "Communicating Climate Change".
Point #1 was unsurprising:
63% of Americans believe the globe is warming; 50% believe the warming is caused by humans. There is a big political element and correlation. 1997 was the Kyoto Protocol; at that time Republicans and Democrats started to diverge. The Kyoto Protocol said that from now on you are not free to drive a big car, etc. And conservative Republicans never like being told what to do.
Point #2 made most of our jaws drop:
Among Democrats, more education correlates (positively) with more acceptance of anthropogenic global warming. The more degrees a Democrat has, the more she/he is likely to accept AGW.
Among Republicans, the opposite is true! Republicans with more education are more likely to be AGW deniers! Susan Hassol had plots to show the reverse correlation. And the science deniers are very confident that they are right!
There were some ideas about why this is so. Perhaps better-educated Republicans are better able to find denial sites on the Internet that reinforce their mistaken beliefs, or they are better at constructing (bogus) theories that support what they already think.
Isn't that weird? Chris Mooney concludes that AGW denial is no longer an education problem.
The most plausible explanation I heard in the discussion afterwards is one that harold has been stating in terms of Fox/Tea/Limbaugh loyalty: People conform to the beliefs of their social group. Right-wing Republicans are kind of a Deniers Club.
SensuousCurmudgeon · 27 September 2012
harold · 27 September 2012
alicejohn · 27 September 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 27 September 2012
Obviously, the attempt to have the government teach their dogma in schools is a big reason why right-wing (but to play that game, it's not all right-wing either) nonsense is opposed more than left-wing nonsense is.
However, no one should pretend that nonsense more supported by leftish types isn't actually turned into government policy. NCCAM was pushed through by Tom Harkin, and although I don't think it should be considered to be a total waste, it's clearly questionable to be spending money on CAM instead of upon actually promising medical treatments.
Of course it's not the same threat level, but it's a false dilemma to pretend that, because one side is worse, the other side's government-funded tripe isn't deserving of mention and criticism.
Glen Davidson
tomh · 28 September 2012
As far as vaccinations go, it really doesn't matter who makes the most noise about it, left, right or whatever. As a practical matter, the important vaccinations are the mandatory ones for school-age children. Forty eight states allow parents to withhold mandatory vaccines from their kids because of the parents' "sincerely held" religious beliefs. These are the children who are not getting vaccinated. Eighteen of those states also allow exemptions for "philosophical" beliefs, but these are a small fraction of the total. As long as American society places more importance on adults' mystical beliefs than on children's welfare the problem will never go away.
Chris Lawson · 28 September 2012
A coupla quick points that I hope don't distract too much from the Freshwater topic at hand:
1. Alan Sokal identifies as leftist. He wrote in his commentary on the Sokal Hoax that one of his motives for fooling Social/Text was that he wanted to reclaim science for the left.
2. There are anti-science people on both sides of the political divide (and along any other sociopolitical axis you might want to draw up). But the left poses no significant threat to scientific progress at the moment. The peak of leftist science denial was the postmodern/poststructural movement. That is now just about dead except as an art movement (which is where it can be a good thing), and even at its political peak it was really only powerful in the academic left, specifically the social sciences. So, yeah, quite a few professors of sociology, linguistics, and social anthropology had loopy ideas. It was worth fighting against, but it was never, even at its worst, remotely on par with the anti-evolution, anti-AGW, anti-environment, pro-"Bell Curve" lunatics that are running one of the two major US political parties.
3. NCCAM has proven to be a wasteful exercise, but it was never anti-science. It was not great science because the idea was that NCCAM would find all the evidence to support alt meds that was just waiting to be uncovered, i.e. they built a cart and expected a horse would appear, but the actual trials funded by NCCAM have generally been well conducted and honestly reported (which is why the results have been so disappointing to the alt med crowd).
SLC · 28 September 2012
SLC · 28 September 2012
John · 28 September 2012
John · 28 September 2012
John · 28 September 2012
harold · 28 September 2012
John · 28 September 2012
SLC · 28 September 2012
SLC · 28 September 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/kYQj4.Y6hsNHh2hA4cxjQS4Dobc-#0cdad · 28 September 2012
John · 28 September 2012
John · 28 September 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/kYQj4.Y6hsNHh2hA4cxjQS4Dobc-#0cdad · 28 September 2012
Paul Burnett · 28 September 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 28 September 2012
https://me.yahoo.com/a/JxVN0eQFqtmgoY7wC1cZM44ET_iAanxHQmLgYgX_Zhn8#57cad · 28 September 2012
Richard B. Hoppe · 28 September 2012
OK, this thread is degenerating. Thanks for playing, folks.